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Stone disease can reliably be predicted by urine cytology. The most common type of urine stone is composed of oxalates but it is common to find multiple chemicals in a kidney or bladder stone. The urine sediment of a patient in the early stages of stone development include crystals, “sand” or deposits of crystalline material and calcified concretions. The type(s) of crystals accompanying these concretions should be identified and reported. In addition to the crystals, reactive urothelial or renal tubular cells are often seen in addition to red blood cells and neutrophils. Examples of crystals, “sand” and calcified concretions are demonstrated.
Urine crystals. Triple phosphate type. Papanicolaou stain. 400X Magnification.
Calcified material (Sand). Papanicolaou stain. 400X Magnification.
Calcified concretion. Papanicolaou stain. 600X Magnification.
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